Industrial property

Patents, utility solutions, designs, trademarks, geographical indications, trade secrets.

Patents and utility solutions

The three conditions for protection, what cannot be patented, and choosing between two titles with different thresholds.

Trademarks — the procedure that matters most to businesses

Conditions for protection, types of mark, signs that will be refused, and why the number of Nice classes drives your entire cost.

Industrial designs

Protects appearance, not function. A maximum of 15 years, not 20 — a figure very commonly misreported.

Trade secrets, trade names, geographical indications and layout designs

The remaining four industrial property subjects — two of which need no registration, and one owned by the state.